提到衔接很容易想到选手脚下的步法，不过花样滑冰的衔接并不仅指这个。跟上一篇 花样滑冰如何欣赏滑行（Skating Skills） 一样，是同系列视频衔接部分的翻译，阅读提示中跟上一篇重复的内容（视频出处、翻译水平）这里就不再赘述，专业名词基本靠蒙，视频中部分段落的英文是在讲选手衔接动作的名称，这种就没翻，总之翻得很糙，不过这套视频本身我觉得对理解花滑节目挺有帮助的。

1. Overview 概述

What exactly are transitions.

确切的说什么是衔接。

Transitions are performed by using different tools like varied and/or difficult and/or intricate footwork, body movements, and non-listed elements, which links seamlessly into each other and into and out of listed technical elements.

衔接表现为使用不同的工具，例如多样的和/或难的和/或复杂的步法，身体动作和非列表要素进行表演，它们无缝连接彼此和规定技术动作的进入和滑出。

Before we get to the criteria, we will show you the wide variety of footwork and movement transitions that are available to the skater.

在我们介绍标准之前，我们将向您展示选手可以使用的种类广泛的步法和动作衔接。

Transition tools consist of footwork transitions, skating movement transitions, body movement transitions, and non-listed element transitions.

衔接工具包括步法衔接，滑冰动作衔接，身体动作衔接和非列表要素衔接。

2. Footwork Transitions 步法衔接

We begin with footwork transitions which are executed by using steps and turns and different directions.

我们从步法衔接开始，这些衔接通过使用步法，转体和不同的方向来执行

Steps are considered as stroking, progressives, crossovers, edges, change of edges, cross rolls, toesteps, mohawks, and choctaws etc.

步法是指蹬冰，行进步，交叉步，刃步，变刃步，交叉摇滚步，刀齿步，莫霍克，乔克塔等。

Turns are considered as threeturns, double threes, twizzles, brackets, counters, loops, and rockers on inside and outside edges.

转体是指使用内外刃的三字转，双三，捻转步，括弧步，外勾步，结环步，内勾步。

Directions refer to forward, backward, clockwise and counter clockwise.

方向是指向前，向后，顺时针和逆时针。

This video will demonstrate the use of a variety of transition tools mainly consisting of footwork.

本视频将展示主要由步法组成的各种衔接工具的使用

Even though step sequences are technical elements the footwork in them can also be used as transitional tools.

虽然接续步是规定技术动作，其中的步法也可以用作衔接工具。

In this program the following footwork transitions were used: the steps included progressives, crossovers, cross unders, crossrolls, mohawks, choctaws and toesteps, for turns there were loops, counters, rockers, brackets, and three turns.

在这个节目中使用了以下步法衔接，步法包括，行进步，交叉步，cross unders，交叉摇滚步，莫霍克，乔克塔，刀齿步，转体包括结环步，外勾步，内勾步，括弧步，和三字转。

3. Skating movement transitions 滑冰动作衔接

Skating movements generally use more of the body and are seen as: spread eagles, Ina Bauers, pivots, hydrogliding movements, spirals, lunges, arabesques etc.

滑冰动作通常使用更多的身体部位，如：大一字，鲍步，规尺步，水式滑行，燕式步，弓步，阿拉贝斯等。

Using both edges, and different body, head, arm, and leg positions, and of course are also used in forward, backward, clockwise and counter clockwise directions.

使用两侧的刃，不同的身体部位，头部，手臂和腿部的位置，当然也使用向前，向后，顺时针和逆时针方向。

Let’s look at some examples as skating movements as transitional tools which are beautifully performed to the music linking into the listed technical elements.

让我们看一些以滑冰动作作为衔接工具的例子，它们漂亮的表现了音乐连接起了各规定的技术动作。

In this video clip, the skater performs a spread eagle as a separate transition not linked to any listed technical element.

在此视频片段中，选手表演了大一字作为独立的衔接，没有与任何规定的技术动作相连。

However, here the Ina Bauer is performed immediately prior to a jump combination and would be regarded as more valuable.

然而，这里的鲍步是在连跳前立即进行的因而被认为值得更多分数。

4. Body movement transitions 身体动作衔接

Body movement transitions are the individual or simultaneous movement of arms, head and torso.

身体动作衔接是单独或同时运用手臂，头部和躯干的动作。

In the following video clips, we will show skaters making simultaneous movements of arms, head and torso well perform to the music.

在接下来的视频片段中，我们将展示选手同时运用手臂，头部和躯干的动作来表现音乐。

5. Non listed element transitions 非列表要素衔接

Non listed elements refer to the following variety of hops, mazurkas, inside take off axels, eulers or half loops, falling leaves, walleys, split jumps, ballet jumps, butterflies etc.

非列表要素指的是以下各种小跳，玛祖卡，内刃阿克塞尔，优勒或后外结环半周，落叶跳，沃里跳，分腿跳，芭蕾跳，蝴蝶跳等。

These can greatly add to the program and difficulty of transitions.

这些可以大大增加节目效果和衔接的难度。

The next two examples show a variety of non listed elements which can be used as transition tools.

接下来的两个范例展示了使用多种非列表要素作为衔接工具。

The skater lands her double axel with full body movement and continues around the circle into a half loop ballet jump.

选手以全身动作落冰她的阿克塞尔两周跳并沿曲线进入半周结环芭蕾跳。

6. Variety 多样性

Judging the transitions.

评判衔接。

To this point, we have dealt with the repertoire of transitional tools， such as footwork, skating movement, body movement and non-listed elements.

关于这点，我们已经介绍了各种衔接工具，例如步法，滑冰动作，身体动作和非列表要素。

In this next portion, we will deal directly with the criteria judges must use to accurately assess the transition component.

在下一部分中，我们将介绍裁判必须用以准确评估衔接内容的标准。

The criteria are variety, difficulty, intricacy and quality.

标准是多样性，难度，复杂性和质量。

Variety，the very use of different transition tools, including the variety of dance holds in Ice Dance.

多样性，使用多种不同的衔接工具，包括冰舞中的各种舞蹈握法。

How does variety relate to transitions?

多样性与衔接有何关系？

In order to demonstrate variety, we will show you the first minute and forty seconds of the same pair team from two World Championships.

为了示范多样性，我们将向您展示同一对双人滑选手在两届世锦赛上节目的前1分40秒。

You will notice the difference in the use of variety.

您会注意到多样性的差异。

The first year is 2001.

第一个是2001年。

Although not all transitions were mentioned during this 1 minute and 48 seconds, this team did perform 15 footwork transitions, no skating movement transitions, no partial body movement transitions, and one non listed element transition.

虽然在这1分48秒内并未涉及所有衔接，但该团队执行了15个步法衔接，没有滑冰动作衔接，没有部分身体动作衔接，以及一个非列表要素衔接。

We now look at the same team 3 years later in 2004.

我们现在来看3年后 2004年的同一对选手。

You will notice an increase in the variety of transitions.

您会注意到衔接种类的增加。

During this 1 min and 40 seconds, the team performed 8 footwork transitions, 4 skating movement transitions, several full body movement transitions, and 1 non listed element transition.

在这1分40秒的时间内，该团队表演了8次步法衔接，4次滑冰动作衔接，几次全身动作衔接，以及1次非列表要素衔接。

We will now show you the remainder of the 2004 performance where you will see a wide variety of transitional tools and the use of all body parts.

我们现在将向您展示2004年剩余的表演，您将看到种类广泛的衔接工具和全部身体部位的使用。

The last part of the 2004 performance included 17 footwork transitions, 13 skating movement transitions, 7 body movement transitions, and 2 non-listed element transitions.

2004年表演的最后一部分包括17个步法衔接，13个滑冰动作衔接，7个身体动作衔接和2个非列表要素衔接。

In the period between 2001 and 2004 there was a clear increase of the use of transitional tools.

在2001年至2004年期间，衔接工具的使用明显增加。

7. Difficulty 难度

Difficulty is the use of difficult footwork and/or movements with simultaneous use of different body parts, what makes transitions difficult.

难度是使用难的步法和/或动作的同时配合使用不同的身体部位，这给衔接增添了难度。

Transition tools of all categories vary from simple to difficult, for example in footwork rockers and counters are more difficult than three turns, in skating movements an ina bauer is more difficult than a simple spiral, in non listed elements a Walley- Walley is more difficult than a half loop, in body movements a simultaneous use of all body parts is more difficult than the use of only arms.

各种类别的衔接工具难易程度有所不同，例如在步法中，内勾和外勾比三字转更难，在滑冰动作中，鲍步比单纯的燕式更难，在非列表要素中，沃里-沃里比后外结环半周更难，在身体动作中，同时使用所有身体部位比仅使用手臂更难。

If footwork and/or skating movements are done simultaneously with body movements, transitions become more difficult.

如果步法和/或滑冰动作与身体动作同时进行，则衔接变得更难。

Changing directions from forward to backward and/or from clockwise to counter-clockwise or vice versa makes transitions more difficult.

从向前到向后改变方向，或从顺时针方向改变为逆时针方向，或者反过来，使衔接更难。

We will show two video clips, in the first clip only simple transition tools are used, the second clip will demonstrate more difficult transitions.

我们将展示两个视频片段，在第一个片段中仅使用简单的衔接工具，第二个片段将演示更难的衔接。

The next two video clips show the use of difficult footwork and/or movements with simultaneous use of different body parts, as we did not find good examples which were used during transitions, we decided to show clips of step sequences while you can see simultaneous movements.

接下来的两个视频片段显示了使用难的步法和/或动作同时使用不同的身体部位，因为我们没有在衔接中找到合适的例子，我们决定展示接续步的视频片段，您可以看到同时使用的动作衔接。

8. Intricacy 复杂性

Intricacy is a series of different transition tools linking into each other and immediately into and out of listed technical elements what makes transitions intricate

复杂性是一系列不同的衔接工具彼此相互连接，并且紧密连接于规定技术动作的进入和滑出，这使衔接变得复杂

When the technical elements become part of the whole and appear woven into the transitions which follow each other seamlessly then transitions become intricate

当技术动作成为整体的一部分并且编织于彼此无缝连接的衔接之中时，衔接就变得复杂，

In the following video clips the transitions will link immediately into and out of listed technical elements

在下面的视频片段中，衔接立即连接了规定技术动作的进入和滑出。

With this skater you will see very long preparations for the technical elements with virtually no transitions.

这个选手，您将看到很长时间的技术要素准备并且几乎没有衔接。

We will show a pair program with a series transitions leading into and out of the listed technical elements.

我们将展示一个双人滑节目，其中规定技术动作的进入和滑出包含一系列衔接。

9. Quality 质量

Quality is the cleanness and clarity of transitional tools in accordance with the music chosen including unison in pair skating and ice dance. In pair skating unison is included in the criteria. How do you recognize quality of transitions?

质量是衔接工具干净和清晰，符合所选择的音乐，包括双人滑和冰舞的一致性。在双人滑中一致性包括在标准之内。如何分辨衔接质量？

The next three clips of the same team demonstrate disorder and blurry transitions.

同一团队的以下三个片段表现出无序和模糊的衔接。

The couple did not seem to show interest in their perform transitions, the skaters did not focus on the quality of the edges skating and body movements, there was no clarity of the transition tools, the couple skated through the transitions part of the program simply heading toward the next element.

这对选手似乎没有展现出对衔接表演的关心，选手没有专注于用刃和身体动作的质量，衔接工具不清晰，这对搭档滑过节目的衔接部分只是要走向下一个要素。

Watch the difference of quality in the next program, the couple skates in unison to the demands of their music, you will find clean and clear transitions linked to each other and into and out of the technical elements.

看一下与下个节目的质量差异，这对选手一致地根据音乐的要求进行滑冰，你会发现彼此连接的衔接以及技术动作的进入和滑出的衔接都干净清晰。

10. Prior to giving a score 给出分数之前

What must be considered prior to giving the score, which criteria were fulfilled throughout the program or which criteria were fulfilled only in part.

在给出分数之前必须考虑什么，哪些标准是在节目中始终要满足的，哪些标准仅需部分得到满足。

The next two examples will show a short and free program of the same skater, please focus on all of the criteria， variety， difficulty， intricacy and quality.

接下来的两个例子将显示同一位选手的短节目和自由滑，请关注所有的标准，多样性、难度、复杂性和质量。

These transitions are simple but performed at a high level of quality.

这些衔接简单，但完成质量很高。

Again, simple transitions, long preparation for an element.

再经过简单的衔接，技术动作的长时间准备。

This program had average to above-average variety, in footwork only simple tools such as three turns Mohawks one Choctaw and crossovers were used, there were some small simple skating movements but not one non listed element was shown, difficulty was lower than average, intricacy was above average, body movements were brilliant and the transitions were skated with very good to superior quality.

这个节目有中等到中上水平的多样性，在步法上只有简单的衔接，如转三、莫霍克，一个乔克塔和交叉步，有一些小的简单的滑行动作但没有非列表要素，难度低于中等，复杂性高于中等水平，身体动作非常漂亮，衔接质量非常好到优秀。

We now look at the free program.

我们现在看看自由滑。

In this program the skater did not show much variety, in the footwork there were mainly crossovers, three turns and simple steps, small skating moves with partial use of body parts were shown, variety was weak to fair, there were no non listed elements, difficulty was weak, most of the jump elements were prepared for too long therefore intricacy was also weak, the transitions were skated with average to above-average quality.

在这个节目中，选手没有展示丰富的多样性，在步法中主要是交叉步，转三和简单的步法，展示了少量滑行动作和部分身体动作，多样性为弱到一般，没有非列表要素，难度弱，大多数跳跃的准备时间太长，因此复杂性也弱，衔接的质量为中等到中上水平。

The marks for the transitions component of this skater in two different programs should have been awarded differently according to the fulfilled or non-fulfilled criteria.

该选手的衔接应该根据在两个不同的节目中满足或未满足标准而获得不同的分数。

It is generally assumed that the transition score of the short programs are lower than the free because the different amount of time for each program, however these two examples show that it is possible for the short program to have a higher transition score than the free.

通常假设短节目的衔接分数低于自由滑，因为节目的时长不同，但是这两个例子表明短节目可能有比自由滑更高的衔接分数。

For judge examples we show a performance from 1988 Olympics, we ask you to concentrate only on two criteria, variety and quality.

以1988年奥运会的一个表演作为裁判示例，我们请您只关注两个标准，多样性和质量。

This program has 72 footwork transitions, 17 skating move transitions, 25 body move transitions, and 13 non listed elements transitions.

该节目有72个步法衔接，17个滑冰动作衔接，25个身体动作衔接，和13个非列表要素衔接。

29 footwork transitions, 2 skating move transitions, 8 body moves transitions, 5 non listed elements transitions.

29个步法衔接，2个滑冰动作衔接，8个身体动作衔接，5个非列表要素衔接。

We now look at two short programs. Please pay particularly attention to intricacy of transitions.

我们现在看两个短节目。 请特别注意衔接的复杂性。

This short program has 31 footwork transitions, 6 skating move transitions, 20 body move transitions, the intricacy is of high level, and quality is of superior level, variety of transitions in this program was good to very good , there was good variety of footwork, skating and body moves ,difficulty was from above average to good ,intricacy was close to superior, and quality was absolutely superior.

这个短节目有31个步法衔接，6个滑冰动作衔接，20个身体动作衔接，复杂程度高，质量优秀，这个节目的衔接多样性为好到很好，有很多种步法，滑冰和身体动作，难度从中上到好，复杂性接近优秀，质量非常优秀。

This program had 34 footwork transitions, 2 skating move transitions, 28 body move transitions, the intricacy and quality were of high level, this program had very good variety, the skater use body movement throughout the program, difficulty was good because of simultaneous use of different body parts within footwork, intricacy was between very good and superior, the transitions was good to very good quality.

这个节目有34个步法衔接，2个滑冰动作衔接，28个身体动作衔接，复杂性和质量都很高，这个节目有很好的多样性，选手在整个节目中中使用身体动作，难度好因为在步法的同时使用不同的身体部位，复杂性介于很好和优秀之间，衔接质量在好至很好之间。

These two short program examples showed that it is possible to come to the same mark for transitions even if each criteria score was fulfilled in a different manner.

这两个短节目示例表明，即使每个标准被满足的方式不同，也可以得到相同的衔接分数。

In pair skating and ice dancing, unison is very important when looking for quality of transitions, additionally the balance of workload between partners as to be taken in the consideration, in ice dancing variety of dance hold is required.

在双人滑和冰舞中，在衡量衔接质量时一致性是非常重要的，另外同伴之间工作量的平衡也要纳入考量，在冰舞中需要握法的多样性。

We now show tow free dances, please focus on unison.

我们现在展示两个自由舞，请专注于一致性。

Both these free dance program showed very good variety, good difficulty, and very good to superior intricacy, the first example showed very good quality, the second example showed superior quality, because of superior unison resulting in making difference between the two teams.

这两个自由舞节目表现出非常好的多样性，好的难度，以及很好至优秀的复杂性，第一个例子表现出很好的质量，第二个例子表现出优秀的质量，因为优秀的一致性使两队之间出现差异。

11. Conclusion 总结

The judges have many things to consider during a skater's performance, broken down item by item it seems almost impossible to assess each detail with such accuracy, so it is important that one must have an automatic understanding of the priorities in each component.

在选手表演过程中裁判有很多事情要考虑，逐项细分，几乎不可能对每个细节都做到准确的评价，所以重要的是对每一项都必须要有优先考虑的事项。

Throughout this DVD we have provided a look at the different types of transition tools， footwork， skating movements， body movements，and non-listed elements.

在这个DVD中，我们了解了不同类型的衔接工具，步法、滑冰动作、身体动作和非列表要素。

Transitions might be skated at low or high quality but the key point for the transition score is whether they are linked seamlessly into and out of listed elements always regarding the special demands of the music.

衔接质量可能会有高低之分，但衔接得分的关键点在于它们是否不间断的连接起规定动作的进入和滑出并始终与音乐的特点相符合。

Variety, ask yourself the question did I see different transitional tools including the variety of holds in ice dance and pair skating.

多样性，问问自己是否看到了不同的衔接工具，包括冰舞和双人滑的各种握法。

Difficulty, was there the use of difficult footwork and/or movements with simultaneous use of different body parts.

难度，是否使用难的步法和/或动作同时使用不同的身体部位。

Intricacy, was the series of different transitional tools linking into each other and immediately into and out of listed technical elements.

复杂性，是否有一系列不同的衔接工具相互连接，并立即连接起规定技术动作的进入和滑出。

Quality, was the cleanness and clarity resulting in the quality of transitional tools in accordance with the music chosen including unison in pair skating and ice dance.

质量，衔接工具的质量是否干净和清晰符合所选择的音乐，包括双人滑和冰舞中的一致性。

The judge will then be faced with certain aspects or percentages of these questions being answered yes, it is then up to the judge to accurately as possible apply the corresponding percentage overall to the scoring of each components.

然后裁判将面对这些方面，或者这些问题在多大程度上可以得到肯定的回答，再由裁判根据全部各项所占比重尽可能准确地对每一项进行评分。

Transitions, everything that is done between the technical elements while creating a seamless skating composition connecting the movement and the music.

衔接，在技术动作之间所做的一切，创造了连贯的滑冰作品，连接起了动作和音乐。