大学英语六级考试短文写作

　　一、六级写作评分标准

　　大学英语六级考试作文的目的旨在考核学生英语书面表达的能力。作文考试时间为30分钟, 要求写出不少于150个词的短文。六级考试作文的出题方式有：命题作文，看图画或图表作文，根据所给文章（英文或中文）写出文章摘要或大意做搞着药球溶，给出关键词作文等。考试的作文内容为社会、文化或日常生活的一般常识，不涉及知识面过广、专业性太强的内容。对作文的要求是：切题，文理通顺，表达正确，意思连贯，无重大语言错误。

　　下面介绍六级边其有西广见样话考试作文的评分原则和标准，并通过五份样来自卷作一个详细说明。

　　(一) 作文评分原则

　　1. CET是检查考生是否达到大学英语教学大纲规定的六级教学要求，对作文的评判应以此要求为准则。

　　2. CET作文题采用总体评分（Globa灯春离甲玉做l Scoring）方法。阅卷人员就总的印象给出奖励分（Reward Scores）,而不是按语360国学言点的错误数目扣分。

　　3. 从内容和语言两个方面对作文进行综合评判。内容和语言是一个统一体，作文应表达题目所规定的内容，而解之内容要通过语言来表达。要考虑作文是否切题，是否充分表达思想，也要考虑是否用英语清楚而确切地表达思想，也就是要考虑语言上的错误是否造成理解上的障碍。

　　4. 避免趋中倾向。该给高分的给高分，包括满分；该给低分的给程格低分，包括0分，一名阅卷人员在所阅的全部作文卷中不应只给中间的几种分数。

　　(二) 作文评分标准

　　1.  本题满分为15分。

　　2. 阅卷标准共分五等: 2分、5分、8分、11分及14分。各有标准样卷一至二份。

　　3.  阅卷人称染温感置考安员根据阅卷标准，对照样卷评分，若认为与某一分数（如8分）相似，即定为该分数（即8分），若认为稍优或稍劣于该分数，即可加对设友村一分（即9分）或减一分（即7分），但不得加或减半分。

　　4.  评分标准：

迅背紧胶务害图民妈　　2分……条理不清，思路紊乱，语言支离破碎或大部分句子均有错误，且多数为严重错误。

　　5分……基本宣鸡包重切题。表达思想不清楚，连贯买激执字富统赵帮么性差。有较多的严重语系营核观最言错误。

　　8分……基本切题。有些地方表达思想不够清楚，文字勉强连贯；语言错误相当贵翻比望迅九围数航稳资多，其中有一些是严重错误。

　　11分……切题。表达思想清楚，文字连贯，但有少量语言错误。��

　　14分……切题。表达思想清楚，文字通顺，连贯性好。基本上无语言错误，仅有个别小错。

　　[注: 白卷, 作文与题目毫不相关, 或只有叫眼状耐层否随分要把雷几个孤立的词而无法表有再养关鱼犯米达思想,则给0分。]　　[注: 白卷, 作文与题目毫不相关, 或观活足破乐只有几个孤立的词而样线无法表达思想,则给0分。]　　5. 字数不足应酌情扣分　　累计字数 140-149 130-139 120-129 110-119 1起却政换矿决00-109 9溶宽早文考0-99 80-89 ＜79　　扣 分 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 9　　[注:]   1.�比缣饽恐懈�出主题句, 起始句, 散用激除我劳冲免扩鲁结束句, 均不得计油布局房入所写字数��　　2. 规定内容未写全者，按比例扣分。��　　实例一　　2003年1月真题　　Directions: For this part, you 洋脚试裂业太写办混存are allowed thirty minutes to write a composi白祖学脱族机地移眼余tion on the topic It Pays to Be Honest. You should write at least 150 words and b队业预危ase your composition on the outline (given in Chinese) below:　　1.  当今社会上存在着很多不诚实的现象。　　2.  诚实利人利己，做人应该诚实。　　It Pays to Be Hones行们几酸落权因核讲或到t　　①In our mo回评儿消带dern social life, 交府体必挥武本there are man升杆静既肉剂回子爱面料y examples aro奏时und us show ma善谈质脸较什队ny people are cheated. Advert们声践药责双isements cheat people, salesmen cheat people, even one's closest friends cheat him or her. So many heartbreaks are heard everyday that we cannot help asking: where is our honest exist?     Everybody is taught honest in the primary school or even in the kindergarten. Hon件少件搞量足轮也esty does good not only to ourselves, but to others as well. If we are honest to others. We will be happier and be in a better mood. Otherwise, we'll fe促蛋你胞乎凯要甲汉政el guilt at last. To a company and its advertise培各滑非起势婷必析吸香ment, hone装府料史草板最没sty will bring it more consumer and more profit. If we cheat others, friends will never believe yo论质u and they will leave you al伤热他纸觉果儿快四one. To a company, no consumer will buy your product again.��     So, as the above is said, it pays to be hones美丝被t. Let's create a morally outstanding social.��　　②Although honesty 东宽车伟评万村背教is believed to be a 略干值超保受日virtue, there are still dishonest p刻视系治叫热为罪降eople in our society. For example, some businessmen sell fak要会识张路统审守械掌类e product to their consumers; some students cheat in the exams.��  　　Dishonest people are s样战岩么过亚办兵望期hort-sighted. Those who sell fake products may make money at first, but consumers won't buy their products any more. As a resul加治谈巴前配若特制t, they wi伟映门甲望触ll lose their fortune or even be sent to pri空离武棉座呼son. By contrast, honest people gain a lot. Those who always tell truth or keep to their prom货日久矿来护甲清化有ise not only let others trust them but gain respect from other people as well. S龙情翻州社另倍比形足代uch persons are sure to have a lot of good friends. Because they are trustable and respectable, everyone is eager to make friends with them. Besides, it is easier for a person with a good record to get a good job. Generally speaking, every employer wants his employees to be honest. So we can say that anyone who is honest will be paid back later.��     In a word, honesty wins trust, respect and honor. So it is important that we should be honest.��　　③With the development of modern economic and industry, competitive is becoming more and more obvious. At the same time, the performance of dishonest is becoming more and more clearly.�� 　　Nowadays, there are many dishonest performance in our society. For example, some people found that he saled goods had past the preservation date. Not throw them away, they revised the perservation date, and saled them again after several days. Another case in the point, a pair of shoes was made from goat. However, in order to sale at a high price, the salers would say they were made from cow which has good quality.��      From the foregoing, we can see that dishonest dose not only harm to yourselves but also harm to others. And it is no use only realise the harmness of dishonest. We should be honest from now on and be honest in our daily life. It is only that people all over the world are honest them our country will be beautiful and wealthy.��　　④Now in our society, many people are not honest in doing soming. We often can   meet with soming happened cause by people who are not honest. For example, Now we take the bus need carry cents own, and when you upstairs the bus, you should put the cent into the money box. Every people do that, but some of the people put the other things instead the cents.  For another example, it is more normal that in the exams we can always find some students see others.��     I consider that every people should be honest. As a people, honest should be first, because it can make us to be increase and make our socity develop. In doing every thing we should be honest all, study, word, life and so on. If you are honest, every people will be friend to you, and who will regard you are good people.　　But if you don't be honest, people must unwilling to trath with you. So if you are want to be a good people, remember honest first.��　　⑤Nowadays, many people choose not to be honest in our modern society. We almost can find such things every day of our life: some students cheat in the exam for higher marks; some corporations tell wrong data to the public in order to get more investment; and some doctors treat their patients with unnecessary and expensive medicines in order to make money, sometimes damaged the patients' health, even their life.��     Seeing this situation. I think it must be changed. Being honest will benefit not only others, but also ourselves. First, your honesty will make others willing to trust you. Second, being honest can lead you to face your problem bravely, which helps to solve it. And the last, honest surely helps to make the society more harmony.��     So. I think everyone should start to be honest and everyone should have the idea that our society can not do without honesty.　　实例二　　1999年6月真题　　Directions: For this part, you are allowed 30 minutes to write a composition on the topic Reading Selectively or Extensively? You should write at least 120 words and you should base your composition on the outline (given in Chinese) below:　　1. 有些人认为读书要有选择　　2. 有些人认为应当博览群书　　3. 我的看法　　Reading Selectively Or Extensively?　　①When it comes to reading, some people think that reading selectively is a good way, but some other people do not agree with them, they think that reading extensively is better.　　Those people, who think that reading selectively is better, believe that good books are as many as bad books. Those good books can give us pleasure and knowledge, while those bad books can only lead us to the wrong way. So, they suggest that we should only choose the good books to read and never touch the bad books.     But, the other people, who hold that reading extensively is better, think that one kind of books can only give us one aspect of knowledge. Even the best book only contains one field of information. So, they can easily come to the conclusion that “to know more, to read more”. So they believe that reading extensively is better.　　To my point, we should choose good books to read and read good books as many as possible. By this way, we can increase the quality and quantity of reading.　　②I think reading not only selectively but also extensively. Because the two sides are not contradict. Our time is limited. So we can not read every book in the world. However, we will not be interested in every book. We should read those books may be useful to ours, read those books which we like. But those books which we choose must be extensively so it can give ours all kinds of knowledge, news and so on, it also make ours become a wise man. On the one hand reading selectively let ours not waste our time which it is limitted. Moreover it can emphasis among all books that we can read. On the other hand reading extensively can deal with all kinds of need in our life. They are all useful to ours.　　��  ③Most people thought that read books should have been selectived. But others belived reading extentively was correction.　　Selective books or reading extensively?　　Sure, you can choice one from previous ideas,　　on one hand, There are too book to read for us. We should choose those which we intrested, and it would be helpful for us.　　on another hand. Someone's intresting was wide. Each book could bring you specific contain we couldn't reading at only one level.　　I confirmed all of these ideas were good but weren't wise.　　As a reader, the main task is to discover more and more books the second task is to held some which wonderful and helpful for us. Don't treat these books with rackless abandon.　　The best technology of reading is connect.　　④How should we read? Should we read selectively or extensively? Everyone has his own view.　　Some people think we should read selectively. They argue that with the development of modern science and technology, more and more books are published. It is impossible for us to read all the books. What's more, there are many bad books that are poisonous to our mind, and we shouldn't read them. Since we can't read all the books and we shouldn't read bad books, we must read selectively.　　But others may not agree. They emphasize that today's society is not what it was. If one man has many kinds of knowledge he'll have more chances to succeed. If a man knows much in one field but knows nothing in other fields, he may be useless. Since we must have many kinds of knowledge, we must read extensively.　　Who's right? I think both of them have something right. But I think we should read extensively first. We should read books in many fields, and read selectively in one field.　　⑤Some people think reading shall be choosed. Because some books are good to hummen beings and some books are harmful to people.　　Some people think that men shoud read books widely. Because wide reading can help man get much knowledge. And man can use it to change the world.　　It is my point that reading must be selectively. Because reading is important to man. Some books can help man but some books can lead some people to crime. It can be seen in the newspapers and watched on TV. We can make full use of some good books and gain more useful knowledge. It can make our life more beauiful. We must give up those unhelpful books. They are not good to us. Reading them is wasting time and money. So reading selectively is an important part in reading.　　二、写作常见错误分析　　一、语法错误　　（一）句子结构错误　　1． 主从句叠置　　1) There are more and more students like to use the computer.　　2) There are still many problems should be noted and resolved.　　2． 简单句叠置　　I like chatting on line very much, I go to the net bar almost every weekend.　　3． 从句叠置　　As is known to all that computers play an important role in many fields of our life.　　4． 句子成分缺失　　If work hard, we will surely be successful.　　5． 语序错误　　1) Why college students spend more and more time on the computer?　　2) I often wonder where have they got their money.　　（二）动词错误　　1．时态错误　　Many people thought that the Internet will be more useful in the future.　　2．语态错误　　1) I have excited several days at the news that you will come here.　　2) Most of the students satisfy with the service in the dining hall.　　3．单复数错误　　1) Wise man seek opportunities rather than wait for them.　　2) Someone are afraid that computer may control men in the future.　　4．非谓语动词错误　　1) Let me to represent everyone to say “hello” to you.　　2) Do exercise in the morning is good for one’s health.　　3) Having studied in our school for 3 years, the canteen service has changed a lot.　　（三）代词错误　　1) We can use computers in doing everything you like.　　2) A college student should be able to do their washing on their own.　　（四）冠词错误　　1) Horse is an useful animal.　　2) The exam will be held in the December, 2004.　　（五）词性错误　　1) I wish you can consider my suggests.　　2) If a person wants to success, he must learn to endure sufferings and setbacks.　　二、用词错误　　1) Students must know how to apply a computer.　　2) People can touch many new things on the Internet.　　3) The purpose of this letter is to react some opinions on the service in the dining hall.　　三、表达习惯错误　　1) Why generated so large a change?　　2) Now 6000 yuan can buy a P4 computer.　　3) A room often lives 6-8 students.　　4) I think this great change has three reasons.　　5) The prices of the food are too expensive.　　6) The reason for this is because some people want to earn plenty of money without working hard.　　四、标点符号及大小写错误　　1) However, every coin has two sides, I think the surroundings in our canteen are the best among all universities.　　2) The man was racing down the street. Because he was late for the class.　　3) At last I want to let you know, I love our university very much.　　4) My favorite sports are swimming、jogging、mountaineering and playing table tennis.　　5) The best English film in my eyes is《Forrest Gump》.　　三、六级写作题型分类　　（一）对立观点型　　2000年6月　　Directions: For this part, you are allowed 30 minutes to write a composition on the topic Is a Test of Spoken English Necessary? The First sentence has already been written for you. You should write at least 120 words, and you should base your composition on the outline (given in Chinese) below:　　1. 很多人认为有必要举行英语口语考试，理由是...... 2. 也有人持不同意见，...... 3. 我的看法和打算　　1999年6月　　Directions: For this part, you are allowed 30 minutes to write a composition on the topic Reading Selectively or Extensively? You should write at least 120 words and you should base your composition on the outline (given in Chinese) below:　　1.  有些人认为读书要有选择　　2.  有些人认为应当博览群书　　3.  我的看法　　1998年6月　　Directions: For this part, you are allowed 30 minutes to write a composition on the topic Do “Lucky Numbers” Really Bring Good Luck? You should write at least 120 words and you should base your composition on the outline (given in Chinese) below:　　1.  有些人认为某些数字会带来好运　　2.  我认为数字和运气无关......　　1997年6月　　Directions: For this part, you are allowed 30 minutes to write a composition on the topic My View on Job-Hopping. You should write at least 120 words and you should base your composition on the outline (given in Chinese) below:　　1. 有些人喜欢始终从事一种工作，因为...... 2. 有些人喜欢经常更换工作，因为...... 3. 我的看法　　1996年1月　　Directions: For this part, you are allowed 30 minutes to write a composition based on the title: Why I Take College English Test Band 6. You should base your composition on the following outline (given in Chinese).　　1. 有些人认为没有必要参加大学英语六级考试 2. 我参加CET-6考试的理由　　1995年6月　　Directions: For this part, you are allowed 30 minutes to write a composition on the topic Should Firecrackers Be Banned? You should write at least 120 words and you should base your composition on the outline (given in Chinese) below:　　1.  有人认为放鞭炮是好事，为什么?　　2.  有人认为放鞭炮是坏事，为什么?　　3.  我的看法　　1993年6月　　Directions: For this part, you are allowed thirty minutes to write a composition on the topic My View on Opportunity. You must base your composition on the following instructions (given in Chinese):　　有的人认为机会是极少的，另一些人则认为人人都会有某种机会。你的看法如何？　　写出你的理由并且适当举例。在你的文章结尾处不要忘记写出你的结论。　　Your composition should be no less than 120 words. Remember to write it neatly.　　（二） 解决问题型　　2003年12月　　Directions: For this part, you are allowed thirty minutes to write a short essay entitled Reduce Waste on Campus. You should write at least 150 words following the outline given below:　　1． 有些大学校园浪费的现象日益严重　　2． 浪费的危害　　3． 杜绝浪费，从我做起　　2000年1月　　Directions: For this part, you are allowed thirty minutes to write a composition on the topic How I Finance My College Education. You should write at least 120 words, and base your composition on the outline (given in Chinese) below:　　1.  上大学的费用（tuition and fees）可以通过多种途径解决。　　2.  哪种途径适合我（说明理由）。　　1998年1月　　Directions: For this part, you are allowed thirty minutes to write a composition on the topic My View on Fake Commodities. You should write at least 120 words, and base your composition on the outline (given in Chinese) below:　　1.  假冒伪劣商品的危害 2. 怎样杜绝假冒伪劣商品　　1995年1月　　Directions: For this part, you are allowed 30 minutes to write a composition based on the title: My View on the Negative Effects of Some Advertisements. You should base your composition on the following outline (given in Chinese).��　　1. 现在有些不良的商业广告　　2. 这些广告的副作用和危害性　　3. 我对这些广告的态度　　You must write your composition in no less than 120 words on the Composition Sheet and remember to write in readable handwriting.　　1990年6月　　Directions: For this part, you are allowed 30 minutes to write a composition on the topic How to Solve the Housing Problem in Big Cities. Four suggested solutions to this problem are listed below. You are supposed to write in favor of one suggestion (ONE only) and against another (ONE only). You should give your reasons in both cases. You should write no less than 120 words. Remember to give a short introduction and a brief conclusion. Write your composition clearly.　　四种可能解决住房问题的方案：　　1. 多造高层建筑　　2. 向地下发展　　3. 建造卫星城市　　4. 疏散城市人口　　1990年1月　　Directions: For this part you are allowed 30 minutes to write a composition on the topic How to Solve the Problem of Heavy Traffic according to the following OUTLINE. Your composition should be no less than 120 words. Remember that the contents of the OUTLINE should ALL be included in your composition. But you are not supposed to translate the OUTLINE word for word.　　OUTLINE　　问题：城市交通拥挤　　解决方案（solution）　　1. 建造(lay down)更多道路　　优点：(1) 降低街道拥挤程度　　(2) 加速车流（flow of traffic）　　缺点：占地过多　　2.  开辟（open up）更多公共汽车线路　　优点：减少自行车与小汽车　　缺点：对部分人可能造成不方便　　结论：两者结合　　（三）谚语警句型 1997年1月　　Directions: For this part, you are allowed thirty minutes to write a composition on the topic Haste Makes Waste. You should write at least 120 words and you should base your composition on the outline (given in Chinese) below.　　1. 为什么“欲速则不达”？ 2. 举例说明。　　（四）图表图画型2003年9月　　2003年6月　　2002年6月　　1996年6月　　1992年1月　　1991年6月　　（详见“九、历年写作真题”部分）　　（五）应用写作型 2004年6月　　2002年1月　　2001年6月　　（详见“九、历年写作真题”部分）　　四、六级写作分类范文　　（一）对立观点型　　1. Is a Test of Spoken English Necessary?　　A test of spoken English will be included as an optional component of College English Test (CET). Some people argue that it is absolutely necessary to hold a test of spoken English in China because we have been informed frequently that a Chinese student who has been learning English for over ten years cannot even communicate with a native speaker. A test of spoken English will bring the college students an awareness of the importance of oral English, and will thus help them with their communicating skills.　　On the other hand, some others still maintain that a good command of reading and writing skills will be enough for the English learners. To some extent their opinion derives from the fact that students are already under considerable pressure from their coursework. Another required test will only add to their burden.　　In my opinion, a test of spoken English will do more good than harm. Since China will continue its policy of opening and reform, the ability to speak English fluently is a must for anyone who wants to surpass others in a highly competitive society. Whether I take the test or not, I shall spare no efforts to practice oral English in the remaining years of my college study.　　2. Do “Lucky Numbers” Really Bring Good Luck?　　There are people who believe that some numbers bring good luck, while others bring bad luck. For instance, in China the number eight is thought to be lucky. Turning our attention to the West, we find that the number seven is considered lucky, but the number 13 is avoided like the plague.　　In spite of all these claims, most people would agree that there is little evidence that numbers have any influence on our lives. In fact, they say, the reverse seems to be the case. For one thing, we might expect calculators to break down every time they note the number 13, and for another, although every week has seven days we know that not every week is lucky for us.　　Weighing the pros and cons of these arguments, I am inclined to agree with the latter point of view. It is obvious that there is no scientific basis for the belief that there is a connection between luck and numbers. All in all, it seems to me to be superstition.　　3. My View on Job-Hopping　　Job-hopping, or frequent change of jobs, is becoming increasingly common in China today. As the economy grows, more opportunities for employment are appearing than before. The result is that people, especially young people, are tempted to change jobs frequently, seeking higher salaries or more interesting positions.　　Nevertheless, many people prefer to stay in their old jobs. This is partly because they feel loyal to their work units, and partly because they dislike the idea of having to spend much time training for a new job. In addition, although a new job may offer higher pay or more opportunities for promotion, it may be located far from home and be inconvenient to reach.　　I think it is a good thing for the workforce to be flexible, so that new demands for personnel can be satisfied quickly. However, if a person changes jobs too often, he or she will cause losses to the employing units. Moreover, frequent job-hopping prevents a person from gaining valuable job experience and developing good work habits.　　4． Why I Take College English Test Band 6　　(a)　　Some people consider that it is unnecessary to take College English Test Band 6 (CET-6). One reason they cite is that most schools set CET-4 as the main requirement. Another reason is that they think that CET-6 is simply too difficult for them.　　I, however, have decided to accept the challenge of CET-6. The preparation for this test will force me to raise the level of my English ability. Besides, I regard CET-6 as a stepping-stone to further qualifications in English which will help me in my future career.　　All in all, taking CET-6 is advantageous for both a student’s studies and his personal development. The first advantage is that he will improve his English skills in an all-round way. The second is that he will strengthen his character by continuing his English studies when other people have been lazy and stopped.　　(b)　　When it comes to College English Test Band 6 (CET-6), opinions differ from person to person. Some hold the positive view. They believe that taking CET-6 is advantageous for both a student’s studies and his personal development. The first advantage is that he will improve his English skills in an all-round way. The second is that he will strengthen his character by continuing his English studies when other people have been lazy and stopped.　　Others, however, hold the opposite view. They maintain that it is unnecessary to take College English Test Band 6 (CET-6). One reason they cite is that most schools set CET-4 as the main requirement. Another reason is that they think that CET-6 is simply too difficult for them.　　Personally, I have decided to accept the challenge of CET-6. The preparation for this test will force me to raise the level of my English ability. Besides, I regard CET-6 as a stepping-stone to further qualifications in English which will help me in my future career.　　5. Should Firecrackers Be Banned?　　(a)　　Some people think that setting off firecrackers is a good thing. They say that it is an ancient Chinese custom which should be preserved. They also claim that firecrackers make festivals and holiday occasions more colorful and entertaining for both adults and children.　　On the other hand, there are many people who say that firecrackers should be banned. They point out that firecrackers are responsible for fires which destroy property, and for injuries suffered both by the people who set them off and by innocent bystanders. They also say that firecrackers are a waste of money and resources.　　My own point of view is that we should preserve the old custom of letting off firecrackers, while at the same time making them harmless. We can do this by banning firecrackers from public places. In addition, we should restrict the setting off of firecrackers to festival days.　　(b)　　There is no denying the fact that setting off firecrackers has been a hotly debated topic in China. People’s opinions differ sharply on this issue. Some hold the positive view. They say that it is an ancient Chinese custom which should be preserved. They also claim that firecrackers make festivals and holiday occasions more colorful and entertaining for both adults and children. Without firecrackers, festivals would become dull and cheerless.　　Others, however, hold the opposite view. They maintain that firecrackers should be banned. They point out that firecrackers are responsible for fires, which destroy, property, and for injuries suffered both by the people who set them off and by innocent bystanders. They also argue that firecrackers are a waste of money and resources.　　Personally, I believe that we should not go to extremes. On the one hand, we should preserve the old custom of letting off firecrackers; on the other hand, we should make it harmless. This can be done by banning firecrackers from public places. In addition, the setting off of firecrackers should be restricted to festival days.　　(c)　　There has been much controversy over setting off firecrackers in the past years, with each party owning convincing evidences. Those who are in favor of setting firecrackers claim that it is an ancient Chinese custom that should be preserved. They also argue that firecrackers make festivals and holiday occasions more colorful and entertaining for both adults and children. Without firecrackers, festivals would become cold and cheerless.　　On the other hand, there are many people who are of the opinion that firecrackers should be banned. They point out that firecrackers are responsible for fires which destroy property, and for injuries suffered both by the people who set them off and by innocent bystanders. Besides, they maintain that firecrackers lead to a waste of money and resources.　　Personally, I think that both sides have something right. Actually, firecrackers should be viewed as a two-edged sword, which presents us with both benefits and troubles. But we should not give up eating for fear of choking. The best policy, as I see it, is to maximize their advantages and minimize their unhealthy influence, so that they can benefit us in a better way.　　6. My View on Opportunity　　There is no consensus of opinion in society about opportunities. There are some who think that opportunities come only rarely, and only to lucky people. Others argue that opportunities come to everyone from time to time.　　Personally, I agree with the latter opinion. It seems to me that various kinds of opportunities are all around us all the time. The secret is to recognize opportunities and to grasp them in time, because they will not come to you of their own accord. For example, my classmates once refused to enter a national chemistry competition, because they thought that they had no chance of winning. But I took this opportunity, and by preparing well I managed to win the first prize.　　Now my motto is: Watch out for opportunities, and at all times prepare yourself to take advantage of them.　　（二） 解决问题型　　7. Reduce Waste on Campus　　(a)　　Nobody could have failed to notice the fact that wasting has become a grave problem in many campuses. In the dining hall, much food are left in the plates and dumped into the trash can. In the classroom, blank or half blank pieces of paper are left on the desks. In the dorm building, taps are left open and water left running or dripping all the time. And there can be more such examples.　　In view of the expanding population and the shortage of various resources, wasting is really a harmful habit. It put strains on the already short supply of food, water, electricity and the like. Besides, it goes against traditional virtue of hard work and simple living and may leads to a luxurious life style, which is dangerous to the souls of mankind.　　Therefore, it is high time that we take steps to stop wasting. We should start from trifles around ourselves: remember to turn off the tap when we finish washing; try to order the exact amount of food we can consume; never throw away any blank or half blank pieces of paper. And always remember, a penny saved is a penny earned.　　(b)　　Nobody could have failed to notice the fact that wasting has been a grave problem with which we are confronted. Taking a look around, we can find examples too numerous to list: in the dining hall, much food are left in the plates and dumped into the trash can; in the classroom, blank pieces of paper are left on the desks; in the dorm building, taps are left open and water left running all the time.　　Wasting is bound to generate severe consequences if we keep turning a blind eye to it. First and foremost, it put strains on the already short supply of food, water, electricity and the like. Besides, it goes against traditional virtue of hard work and simple living and may leads to a luxurious life style, which is dangerous to the souls of mankind.　　In view of the seriousness of this problem, effective measures must be taken before things get worse. First, it is essential that regulations be worked out and enforced to ban wasting. Secondly, students should enhance their awareness of saving resources. With proper laws and an alert public, it will only be a matter of time for wasting to become a thing of the past.　　8. How I Finance My College Education　　(a)　　Nowadays, if we want to go to college, we will have to pay a big sum of money. It's a problem to many students.  Many ways can contribute to solve this serious problem. But the following ones may be the most effective. First, you can ask your parents for help if they have nice careers. Another way to solve this problem is to apply for a bank loan. Finally, we can find a part time job to get enough money.��     As to me, I'm in favor of the second idea. My reasons of choice can be listed as follows. First of all, my parents are not rich enough to afford me. Secondly, you'll not have enough time and energy to study after finishing the part time job. Finally, I'm sure that I'll get a nice job after graduation. Then I'll be able to pay back the loan.      Through the analysis above, I believe that bank loan is my best choice.　　(b)　　Nobody could have failed to notice the fact that college tuition and fees are a grave problem with which many families and students are confronted in China. Taking a look around, we can find many excellent students are denied the chance to go to college due to lack of money.　　In view of the seriousness of the situation, effective measures must be taken before things get worse. Actually, the problem can be dealt with in many ways. First, you can ask your parents for help if they have nice careers. Another way to solve this problem is to apply for a bank loan. Finally, we can find a part time job to get enough money.��     As to me, I'm in favor of the second idea. My reasons of choice can be listed as follows. First of all, my parents are not rich enough to afford me. Secondly, you'll not have enough time and energy to study after finishing the part time job. Finally, I'm sure that I'll get a nice job after graduation. Then I'll be able to pay back the loan. Through the analysis above, I believe that bank loan is my best choice.　　9. My View on Fake Commodities　　Nobody could have failed to notice the fact that fake commodities have been a grave problem with which we are confronted. Fake and shoddy goods flood the market. Taking a look around, we can find examples too numerous to list: pirated editions of books and films, food and drinks of poor quality and the like.　　Fake and shoddy goods are bound to generate severe consequences if we keep turning a blind eye to them. First and foremost, they directly infringe upon consumers’ rights, wasting their money and threatening their health and even lives. Besides, the production and sale of fake goods cause serious losses on the part of honest and lawful producers. Last but not least, the destruction of fake commodities means a grievous waste of the nation’s resources.　　In view of the seriousness of this problem, effective measures must be taken before things get worse. First, it is essential that laws and regulations be worked out and enforced to ban the manufacture and circulation of fake and shoddy goods. Secondly, the public should enhance their awareness of identifying and refusing sub-standard commodities. With proper laws and an alert public, it will only be a matter of time for fake and shoddy goods to become things of the past. / With these measures taken, it is reasonable for us to believe that the problem will be solved in the near future.　　10. My View on the Negative Effects of Some Advertisements　　There is no denying the fact that many commercial advertisements carry undesirable messages. They advertise luxury goods, unhealthy foodstuffs and drinks, and sometimes even dangerous or environmentally harmful products such as motor cars. In addition, they may advertise spiritually harmful publications or entertainment.　　Such advertisements are bound to generate severe consequences if we keep turning a blind eye to them. First, they encourage people to waste money and resources. Moreover, they set a bad example to youngsters, arousing in them the desire for luxuries instead of teaching them the good habit of leading a simple life-style.　　In view of the seriousness of the situation, effective measures should be taken before things get worse. For one thing, proper laws and regulations should be worked out and enforced to ban these ads. For another, the pubic should be educated to identify these ads and refuse to buy the products recommended by them. With these measures taken, it will be a matter of time before these ads to become things of the past.　　11. How to Solve the Housing Problem in Big Cities　　The shortage of housing in big cities is one of the most serious problems of modern living. Increasing numbers of people are finding it difficult to conduct normal family and work duties because they either have nowhere to live or their houses are inadequate. This is a problem that requires an urgent solution because it leads to social unrest and economic inefficiency.　　Some people suggest that the solution to the problem is to build more high-rise apartments, others are in favor of underground housing areas. I prefer the first idea, because it is cheaper to build above ground than below. Besides, people prefer to live in the open air and see the sunshine.　　The second idea is not practical. One reason for this is that it is dangerous to construct living places under streets and buildings. Another reason is that it would take too much time to carry out, and in the meantime the number of people waiting for houses would increase, thus making the problem worse.　　12. How to Solve the Problem of Heavy Traffic　　Nowadays, China’s cities are getting increasingly crowded. The rapid increase in population is being made worse by the steady influx of people from the rural areas seeking employment. As a result, heavy traffic is a big headache, with all the roads packed with cars, bicycles and pedestrians.　　In my opinion, there are two ways to solve the problem. One is to build more and wider roads to make the public highways less crowded and speed up the flow of traffic. The other is to expand the number of public bus routes, so that more people can be transported and fewer people will have to travel by car or bicycle.　　However, each of these solutions brings problems with it. The former may occupy too much land that could be used for farms or houses; the latter may cause inconvenience for long periods in bus lines. I think the best answer to the problem of heavy traffic is a combination of the two: build more roads in places where land is less useful, and at the same time increase the number of public bus routes.　　（三）谚语警句型 13. Haste Makes Waste　　A famous saying goes “Haste makes waste”, which means that one should do everything step by step. Even simple operations can easily be spoiled if we rush to complete them, neglecting important stages in the process. One should make full preparations before beginning any task.　　Taking a look around, we can find examples too numerous to list. The best illustration might be English study. Without a good command of pronunciation, we can never hope to speak in an understandable way. Similarly, if we do not learn to spell properly and to acquire a basic grasp of grammar, we will never succeed in writing good compositions.　　(或Actually, history abounds with examples of haste making waste. A well-known Chinese fable goes that a farm tried to help the shoots grow by pulling them upward, only to find that they died soon. Another case in point is the so-called Great Leap Forward movement in China in 1950’s and 1960’s. At that time, the Chinese people were so eager to develop their economy that they took some improper measures, only to hinder the expansion of economy.)　　(或Here I can think of no better illustration of the proverb than the experience of my own. At the age of 11 or 12, I began to learn to ride. Eager to ride as well as others, I started by sitting on the saddle at the very beginning. Predictably, I often fell from over the bike. Lots of time had been wasted before I realized that I should do it step by step. I tried to slide by standing on one pedal. Then I began to ride the bike from under the cross bar. Finally, I succeeded. )　　In short, laying a solid foundation is essential if we want to make achievements in our studies or work, or indeed in any other aspect of our lives. At every step, review what has been achieved and assess the problems ahead before moving to the next step. And remember, Rome was not built in a day.　　（四）图表图画型　　14. Reading Preferences　　It can be seen from the table that popular fiction is most popular with American students, accounting for 65.9% of book circulation in the library. General nonfiction comes next, taking up 18.2%, while books concerning science, technology and education take up only 10.8%. The least preferred category is that of art, literature and poetry, with a circulation rate of merely 5.1%.　　A number of factors could account for the reading preferences, but the following are the most critical ones. Firstly, popular fiction is fascinating to the young students. Secondly, books about science and technology are usually too complex and difficult to read. They often contain many special terms which most students can’t understand. Finally, in today’s market economy, much more emphasis is laid on practical and vocational books rather than arts or poetry.　　When it comes to me, poetry and art are my favorites. Such kind of books can nourish my mind, broaden my horizons and render me a fresh feeling. Reading a piece of good poetry tends to relieve my burden and lessen my tension, making me more creative and dynamic. It gets me into an imaginary world, fresh and beautiful. I just love it!　　15. Changes in the Ownership of Houses in China　　It can be seen from the chart that there have been dramatic changes in the ownership of houses in China in the past 50 years. While the percentage of state-owned houses has dropped from 70% in 1950’s to 20% in 1990’s, that of private houses has soared from 30% to 80% during the same period of time.　　A number of factors could account for the change in the chart, but the following are the most critical ones. First, thanks to the policy of reform and opening-up, the nation’s economy has been developing at a considerably high speed in the past decades. Therefore, people have more extra money to improve their housing. Secondly, other relevant state policies and the boom of real estate industry provide citizens with more opportunities to choose their own dwelling places. Last but not least, people have attached greater importance to their quality of life. Thus, more of them have purchased houses in their own favor.　　In a word, this chart is a perfect indicator of China’s fast expanding economy and people’s rising standard of life. Although a series of problems have arisen in the process, it is reasonable for us to believe that they can be solved in the near future with effective measures taken by both the government and the public.　　16. Student Use of Computer　　Students tend to use computers more and more frequently nowadays. Reading this chart, we can find that the average number of hours a student spends on the computer per week has increased sharply. In 1990, it was less than 2 hours; and in 1995, it increased to almost 4 hours, and in 2000, the number soared to 20 hours.　　Obviously computers are becoming increasingly popular. There are several reasons for this change. First, computers facilitate us in more aspects of life. Also, the fast development of the Internet enlarges our demands for using computers. We can easily contact with friends in remote places through the Internet. Besides, the prices of computers are getting lower and lower, which enables more students to purchase them.　　However, there still exist some problems, such as poor quality, out-of-date designs and so on. And how to balance the time between using computers and studying is also a serious problem. Anyhow, we will benefit a lot from computers as long as we use them properly.　　17. Health Gains in Developing Countries　　It can be seen from the chart that there have been dramatic changes in life expectancy and infant mortality in developing countries in the past decades. As the chart shows, people’s life expectancy soared from 40 years old to 60 years old from 1960 to 1990. Meanwhile, infant mortality declined from 200 to 150 deaths per thousand births.　　The change in the chart may be attributed to a number of factors, but the following are the most critical ones. First, developing countries’ economy has been developing at a considerably high speed in the past decades. Therefore, people have more extra money to improve their health. Secondly, the advances in medical sciences and boom of medical industry provide citizens with more opportunities to cure their diseases. Last but not least, people have attached greater importance to their quality of life, thus they have spent more money and time to build up their bodies.　　In a word, this chart is a perfect indicator of developing nations’ fast expanding economy and people’s rising standard of life. Although a series of problems have arisen in the process, it is reasonable for us to believe that they can be solved in the near future with effective measures taken by both the government and the public.　　(或If this trend continues, developing countries will soon approach the developed countries in terms of health care. People will live longer and healthier lives. The result of this will be happier and more productive populations.)　　18. Film Is Giving Way to TV　　(a)　　The latest statistics show that the number of people attending cinemas is getting steadily smaller. At the same time, the number of television viewers is growing at almost the same rate.　　Experts say that these two trends are connected in three ways. First, over the past few decades television sets have appeared in almost every home. Second, films very quickly become available on video, and can be shown on the TV screen. Third, it is becoming more expensive to make films, and so the prices of cinema seats are rising.　　However, this does not mean the death of the movie industry. There will always be people who prefer to go out to see a film. This is because no matter how good a TV film or video is, it can never be as entertaining as a film shown on the “big screen.”　　(b)　　Film is giving way to TV. According to an investigation made on the number of film-goers and TV-watchers in a ten-year period (1975-1985), at the end of 1985, the number of film-goers declined sharply to about 15 thousand which accounts for only some 20 percent of what in 1975, the heyday of films. This decline, no doubt, owes to the steadily increasing number of TV-watchers in the same decade.　　This, I think, indicates the changing pace in our society. Nowadays, people prefer TV to film largely because they have less chance than their older generation to spend two or three hours in a cinema; they prefer a kind of entertainment which is freer, less time-consuming and thus more efficient. TV just meets their need. This is at least partly if not wholly the reason that attributes to the boom of TV in our generation.　　Nevertheless, there are still a number of film-fans nowadays. They claim that as a classical art, film is far more enjoyable than TV. Some of them also want to recall the “true-life” which existed in the “good-past”. All in all, film is still a charming kind of art as it used to be.　　19. Car Accidents Declining in Walton City　　It can be seen from the graph that the rate of car accidents in Walton City experienced rises and falls in 1990. From January to March last year it increased by 45%. From March to June it dropped by about half the previous rate. From June to August there was a steep rise of 50%. After that, however, there was a steady decrease.　　There are several reasons for this improvement, but the following are the most critical ones. First, new traffic regulations have made drivers more careful. Second, more people are using bicycles for transportation. Finally, in the later part of the year good weather made the roads safer to drive on.　　I am confident that there will be even fewer car accidents in Walton in the future. First, major roads have been repaired and the number of public buses has been increased in the past few months. Moreover, a traffic safety campaign has made all the local people more aware of the dangers of unsafe driving.　　（五）应用写作型　　20. A Letter to the Editor of a Newspaper　　June 20th, 2004　　Dear Mr. / Miss Editor,　　I am a student from Tsinghua University and I am writing to you about my experience of buying a dictionary and my complaint about the service of a bookstore.　　It was about a month ago. I went to a bookstore nearby the university to buy an English dictionary. It was only after I paid for the dictionary and returned to school that I found some pages were missing. But when I went back to the bookstore to tell them about the matter, they said that I should have checked the dictionary before I left the store. According to them, it was my fault and they hold no responsibility for the whole matter.　　What I want to say is that sincerity and enthusiasm are vital to the survival of service industries in such a market economy featured by fierce competition. It was quite easy for them to change the dictionary for me but they refused to do so. They will lose all customers if they persist in doing so. I hope that this letter can draw the attention of the whole society and that the problem can be solved as soon as possible.　　Best regards.　　Yours sincerely　　Li Ming　　21. A Letter to the University President about the Canteen Service on Campus　　January 12th,