国民经济经济概况:
Poland has the sixth-largest economy in the EU and has long had a reputation as a business-friendly country with largely sound macroeconomic policies. Since 1990, Poland has pursued a policy of economic liberalization. During the 2008-09 economic slowdown Poland was the only EU country to avoid a recession, in part because of the government's loose fiscal policy combined with a commitment to rein in spending in the medium-term Poland is the largest recipient of EU development funds and their cyclical allocation can significantly impact the rate of economic growth.
++ The Polish economy performed well during the 2014-17 period, with the real GDP growth rate generally exceeding 3%, in part because of increases in government social spending that have helped to accelerate consumer-driven growth. However, since 2015, Poland has implemented new business restrictions and taxes on foreign-dominated economic sectors, including banking and insurance, energy, and healthcare, that have dampened investor sentiment and has increased the government's ownership of some firms. The government reduced the retirement age in 2016 and has had mixed success in introducing new taxes and boosting tax compliance to offset the increased costs of social spending programs and relieve upward pressure on the budget deficit. Some credit ratings agencies estimate that Poland during the next few years is at risk of exceeding the EU's 3%-of-GDP limit on budget deficits, possibly impacting its access to future EU funds. Poland's economy is projected to perform well in the next few years in part because of an anticipated cyclical increase in the use of its EU development funds and continued, robust household spending.
++ Poland faces several systemic challenges, which include addressing some of the remaining deficiencies in its road and rail infrastructure, business environment, rigid labor code, commercial court system, government red tape, and burdensome tax system, especially for entrepreneurs. Additional long-term challenges include diversifying Poland's energy mix, strengthening investments in innovation, research, and development, as well as stemming the outflow of educated young Poles to other EU member states, especially in light of a coming demographic contraction due to emigration, persistently low fertility rates, and the aging of the Solidarity-era baby boom generation.
GDP实际增长率:
4.55%
(2019 est.)
5.36%
(2018 est.)
4.83%
(2017 est.)
世界排名: 61
通货膨胀率(消费者价格):
2.1%
(2019 est.)
1.7%
(2018 est.)
2%
(2017 est.)
世界排名: 115
信用评级:
Fitch rating:
A-
(2007)
Moody's rating:
A2
(2002)
Standard & Poors rating:
A-
(2018)
GDP(按购买力平价计算,当年价格):
$1,189,207,000,000
(2019 est.)
$1,137,551,000,000
(2018 est.)
$1,079,745,000,000
(2017 est.)
note: data are in 2010 dollars
GDP (官方汇率):
$595.72 billion
(2019 est.)
GDP - 人均(购买力平价):
$18,768
(2019 est.)
$17,937
(2018 est.)
$17,011
(2017 est.)
note: data are in 2010 dollars
世界排名: 77
国民储蓄总额:
20% of GDP
(2017 est.)
19.2% of GDP
(2016 est.)
19.9% of GDP
(2015 est.)
世界排名: 97
GDP构成,按来源部门:
agriculture:
2.4%
(2017 est.)
industry:
40.2%
(2017 est.)
services:
57.4%
(2017 est.)
GDP构成,按最终用途:
household consumption:
58.6%
(2017 est.)
government consumption:
17.7%
(2017 est.)
investment in fixed capital:
17.7%
(2017 est.)
investment in inventories:
2%
(2017 est.)
exports of goods and services:
54%
(2017 est.)
imports of goods and services:
-49.9%
(2017 est.)
营商环境指数得分:
82.9
(2020)
农业 - 产品:
potatoes, fruits, vegetables, wheat; poultry, eggs, pork, dairy
工业:
machine building, iron and steel, coal mining, chemicals, shipbuilding, food processing, glass, beverages, textiles
工业生产增长率:
7.5%
(2017 est.)
世界排名: 28
劳动力:
9.561 million
(2020 est.)
世界排名: 51
劳动力 - 按职业:
agriculture:
11.5%
industry:
30.4%
services:
57.6%
(2015)
失业率:
5.43%
(2019 est.)
6.08%
(2018 est.)
世界排名: 88
贫困线以下人口:
17.6%
(2015 est.)
按百分比划分的家庭收入或消费:
lowest 10%:
3%
highest 10%:
23.9%
(2015 est.)
预算:
revenues:
207.5 billion
(2017 est.)
expenditures:
216.2 billion
(2017 est.)
税收和其他收入:
39.5% (of GDP)
(2017 est.)
世界排名: 45
预算盈余 (+) 或赤字 (-):
-1.7% (of GDP)
(2017 est.)
世界排名: 96
公共债务:
50.6% of GDP
(2017 est.)
54.2% of GDP
(2016 est.)
note: data cover general government debt and include debt instruments issued (or owned) by government entities other than the treasury; the data include treasury debt held by foreign entities, the data include subnational entities, as well as intragovernmental debt; intragovernmental debt consists of treasury borrowings from surpluses in the social funds, such as for retirement, medical care, and unemployment; debt instruments for the social funds are not sold at public auctions
世界排名: 100
财政年度:
calendar year
经常账户余额:
$2.92 billion
(2019 est.)
-$7.52 billion
(2018 est.)
世界排名: 35
出口:
$394.848 billion
(2019 est.)
$375.525 billion
(2018 est.)
$351.125 billion
(2017 est.)
世界排名: 21
出口 - 合作伙伴:
Germany 27.4%, Czech Republic 6.4%, UK 6.4%, France 5.6%, Italy 4.9%, Netherlands 4.4%
(2017)
出口 - 商品:
machinery and transport equipment 37.8%, intermediate manufactured goods 23.7%, miscellaneous manufactured goods 17.1%, food and live animals 7.6%
(2012 est.)
进口:
$364.993 billion
(2019 est.)
$353.423 billion
(2018 est.)
$328.919 billion
(2017 est.)
世界排名: 20
进口 - 商品:
machinery and transport equipment 38%, intermediate manufactured goods 21%, chemicals 15%, minerals, fuels, lubricants, and related materials 9%
(2011 est.)
进口 - 合作伙伴:
Germany 27.9%, China 8%, Russia 6.4%, Netherlands 6%, Italy 5.3%, France 4.2%, Czech Republic 4%
(2017)
外汇和黄金储备:
$113.3 billion
(31 December 2017 est.)
$114.4 billion
(31 December 2016 est.)
世界排名: 22
外债:
$241 billion
(31 December 2017 est.)
$347.8 billion
(31 December 2016 est.)
世界排名: 31
汇率:
zlotych (PLN) per US dollar -
3.6684
(2020 est.)
3.8697
(2019 est.)
3.76615
(2018 est.)
3.7721
(2014 est.)
3.1538
(2013 est.)
能源:电网接入:
electrification - total population:
100%
(2020)
电力 - 生产:
156.9 billion kWh
(2016 est.)
世界排名: 25
用电量:
149.4 billion kWh
(2016 est.)
世界排名: 24
电力 - 出口:
12.02 billion kWh
(2016)
世界排名: 17
电力 - 进口:
14.02 billion kWh
(2016 est.)
世界排名: 17
电力 - 装机容量:
38.11 million kW
(2016 est.)
世界排名: 28
电力 - 来自化石燃料:
79% of total installed capacity
(2016 est.)
世界排名: 86
电力 - 来自核燃料:
0% of total installed capacity
(2017 est.)
世界排名: 166
电力 - 来自水力发电厂:
2% of total installed capacity
(2017 est.)
世界排名: 141
电力 - 来自其他可再生能源:
19% of total installed capacity
(2017 est.)
世界排名: 44
石油 - 生产:
21,000 bbl/day
(2018 est.)
世界排名: 65
石油 - 出口:
4,451 bbl/day
(2017 est.)
世界排名: 66
石油 - 进口:
493,100 bbl/day
(2017 est.)
世界排名: 19
石油 - 探明储量:
126 million bbl
(1 January 2018)
世界排名: 66
精炼石油产品 - 生产:
554,200 bbl/day
(2017 est.)
世界排名: 30
精炼石油产品 - 消费:
649,600 bbl/day
(2017 est.)
世界排名: 30
精炼石油产品 - 出口:
104,800 bbl/day
(2017 est.)
世界排名: 43
精炼石油产品 - 进口:
222,300 bbl/day
(2017 est.)
世界排名: 32
天然气 - 生产:
5.748 billion cu m
(2017 est.)
世界排名: 49
天然气 - 消费:
20.1 billion cu m
(2017 est.)
世界排名: 38
天然气 - 出口:
1.246 billion cu m
(2017 est.)
世界排名: 39
天然气 - 进口:
15.72 billion cu m
(2017 est.)
世界排名: 20
天然气 - 探明储量:
79.79 billion cu m
(1 January 2018 est.)
世界排名: 56
能源消耗产生的二氧化碳排放量:
359 million Mt
(2017 est.)
世界排名: 18
通讯电话 - 固定线路:
total subscriptions:
6,907,937
subscriptions per 100 inhabitants:
18.01
(2019 est.)
世界排名: 22
电话 - 手机:
total subscriptions:
52,916,105
subscriptions per 100 inhabitants:
137.96
(2019 est.)
世界排名: 30
电信系统:
general assessment:
fixed-line service is dominated by the former state-owned company, yet it is dwarfed by the growth in mobile-cellular services; regulatory is framed by EU principles of competition; regulator measures have improved wholesale market access; rapid extension of LTE networks and development of mobile data service; mobile penetration is above European average; regulator to auction 700MHz spectrum of 5G services; good market competition
(2020)
domestic:
several nation-wide networks provide mobile-cellular service; coverage is generally good; fixed-line 18 per 100 service lags in rural areas, mobile-cellular 138 per 100 persons
(2019)
international:
country code - 48; landing points for the Baltica and the Denmark-Poland2 submarine cables connecting Poland, Denmark and Sweden; international direct dialing with automated exchanges; satellite earth station - 1 with access to Intelsat, Eutelsat, Inmarsat, and Intersputnik
(2019)
note: the COVID-19 outbreak is negatively impacting telecommunications production and supply chains globally; consumer spending on telecom devices and services has also slowed due to the pandemic's effect on economies worldwide; overall progress towards improvements in all facets of the telecom industry - mobile, fixed-line, broadband, submarine cable and satellite - has moderated
广播媒体:
state-run public TV operates 2 national channels supplemented by 16 regional channels and several niche channels; privately owned entities operate several national TV networks and a number of special interest channels; many privately owned channels broadcasting locally; roughly half of all households are linked to either satellite or cable TV systems providing access to foreign television networks; state-run public radio operates 5 national networks and 17 regional radio stations; 2 privately owned national radio networks, several commercial stations broadcasting to multiple cities, and many privately owned local radio stations
(2019)
互联网国家代码:
.pl
互联网用户:
total:
29,791,401
percent of population:
77.54%
(July 2018 est.)
世界排名: 28
宽带 - 固定用户:
total:
6,114,926
subscriptions per 100 inhabitants:
16
(2018 est.)
世界排名: 27
运输全国航空运输系统:
number of registered air carriers:
6
(2020)
inventory of registered aircraft operated by air carriers:
169
annual passenger traffic on registered air carriers:
9,277,538
(2018)
annual freight traffic on registered air carriers:
271.49 million
mt-km
(2018)
民用航空器注册国家代码前缀:
SP
(2016)
机场:
126
(2013)
世界排名: 46
机场 - 铺设跑道:
total:
87
(2017)
over 3,047 m:
5
(2017)
2,438 to 3,047 m:
30
(2017)
1,524 to 2,437 m:
36
(2017)
914 to 1,523 m:
10
(2017)
under 914 m:
6
(2017)
机场 - 未铺设跑道:
total:
39
(2013)
1,524 to 2,437 m:
1
(2013)
914 to 1,523 m:
17
(2013)
under 914 m:
21
(2013)
直升机场:
6
(2013)
运输管道:
14198 km gas, 1374 km oil, 2483 km refined products
(2016)
铁路:
total:
19,231 km
(2016)
standard gauge:
18,836 km
1.435-m gauge (11,874 km electrified)
(2016)
broad gauge:
395 km
1.524-m gauge
(2016)
世界排名: 16
公路:
total:
420,000 km
(2016)
paved:
291,000 km
(includes 1,492 km of expressways, 1,559 of motorways)
(2016)
unpaved:
129,000 km
(2016)
世界排名: 17
水路:
3,997 km
(navigable rivers and canals)
(2009)
世界排名: 27
商用船舶:
total:
144
by type:
general cargo 12, oil tanker 7, other 125
(2019)
世界排名: 73
港口和码头:
主要海港:
Gdansk, Gdynia, Swinoujscie
集装箱港口 (吞吐量TEU):
Gdansk (1,593,761)
(2017)
液化天然气接收站 (import):
Swinoujscie
河港:
Szczecin (River Oder)
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